american immigration Essay -- essays research papers fc

     â€Å"Here isn't just a country, however an abounding country of nations†. These celebrated words, which were spoken, by the popular creator and writer Walt Whitman is an ideal method to depict our consistently changing blend society, which we call America. Migration has affected and changed our nation from various perspectives, a large number of which being financial reasons from 1820-1860. There have been numerous purposes behind individuals moving to America. Among the highest point of these reasons are those of Political Freedom, and Economic chances, which incorporate individuals needing more cash and better employments. A lot of foreigners from this timespan stopped by method of Slavery. From the 1820s until 1860 Immigration to America has influenced the national economy in numerous positive and negative manners.      Around 1830 in America there was a wealth of land at a modest cost, employments were found with little trouble in view of the diminished birth rate and high urbanization and industry that was incredibly expanding. The fascination that America had towards the Immigrants was essentially the a lot of land for ranches, which the individuals extraordinarily wanted. A large number of the unexpected appearances to America were followed with reports to the people’s country nations that the roads of America were â€Å"paved with gold†. This colloquialism was to allude to the success that the American economy had during the early19th century. Numerous nations outside of America during this time were in incredible despondency.      When there is no land left for cultivating of a yield, which is intensely depended on all through your nation, individuals will in general leave. One primary wellspring of movement to America was the Irish. During the mid 1800s Ireland’s populace developed quickly and a significant number of the individuals lived on little homesteads that delivered practically nothing, due to their neediness the individuals relied fundamentally upon the potato crop. Anyway around 1845 a plant ailment murdered most of the harvest. Around seventy five percent of a million people kicked the bucket and thousands all the more left the nation looking for a superior life. A large number of the exiled people to America from Irish were younger than thirty-five and men. Families sent their solid children to the New World so as to bring in cash to manage the cost of the excursion of the other relatives. Despite the fact that there was a low birth rate and abundant occupations in America a significant number of the Irish found that the quick dad... ...is crop into texture that was sold and conveyed all through the world. The African-Americans were the most powerful worker gathering to come to America during this time. They were utilized as slave work primarily to reap the gigantic cotton crops in the south. This gathering despite the fact that were not permitted to partake in any type of government funded training did anyway reap numerous eminent authors, artists and legislators.      As appeared, the migration of changed ethnic gatherings extraordinarily ascribed to America's thriving economy. Without them this nation would have fallen and fell not long after it's creation. Book reference 1.     Http://www.bergen.org. American Immigration. 2001 2.     The American Pageant. David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen, Thomas A. Bailey. Copyright 2002. Houghton Mifflin Company 3.     World Book Encyclopedia. Volumes A&I. William H. Nault, Frank D. Drake. Copyright 1989. World Book Inc. Chicago, Illinois. 4.     Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. David L. Drinking spree, Bruno Leone. Copyright1992. Greenhaven Press, Inc., San Diego, California.

The Jacket By Gary Soto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Jacket By Gary Soto - Essay Example There were a few children who might call me names like nerd and ridicule my eyeglasses constantly. The spontaneous open consideration and different people’s conclusion had a noteworthy effect over the manner in which I felt about myself. There were times when I felt extremely irate for being not the same as other youngsters. Different occasions I felt sorry for myself for being kept separate from the group. All I at any point needed was to be acknowledged by others for who I am. In the wake of investing some energy thinking of purposes behind why others thought of me in an unexpected way, I understood that the focal points of my old pair of eyeglasses were considerably thicker than the glass of our aquarium at home. I chose to persuade my mom to get me another pair of eyeglasses made of more slender glass and dark hued outlines. While I was growing up, getting another pair of in vogue eyeglasses was consistently on my list of things to get. As my dad died while I was in primary school, our pay was not adequate to monetarily bolster the day by day needs of my relatives. Beside me being the oldest, I additionally had six different kin my mom was dealing with. On account of money related constraints, I had no other decision yet to comprehend my mother’s circumstance. For very nearly five years, I wore my old pair of eyeglasses wherever I went. Because of an absence of different alternatives, I needed to confront the embarrassment of wearing my old pair of eyeglasses to class. During the five years I constrained myself to wear my old pair of eyeglasses, I figured out how to acknowledge the way that I expected to feel great in them despite the fact that they had made me look down on myself for quite a while. As a result of my craving for acknowledgment, I imagined as though nothing truly annoyed me. By cleaning my old pair of eyeglasses without glancing through the focal points, I went about as though I was wearing cool and extraordinary eyeglasses. At the point when I arrived at the eighth grade, my huge blue adjusted eyeglasses began to obscure

Bye Bye Weekends, See You In April

Bye Bye Weekends, See You In April Its that time of year again. I have a love-hate relationship with reading season. The love part is that I love reading apps. I love reading your stories (because they are all so different and awesome). I love seeing the choices people make, the ways in which people grow, the ways in which context affects everything. I love imagining all of you at MIT what youll get involved with, how youll contribute to our culture and community. (This last one is a bad idea with such a low admit rate, it always leads to me being heartbroken in March, but nonetheless I cant help myself.) The hate part is simply that there arent enough hours in the day. So when Im reading, Im feeling guilty about the other parts of my job that are getting placed on the back burner (were simultaneously rewriting and redesigning the viewbook, the financial aid piece, the minority student brochure, and the admit pack all due by years end). And when Im giving attention to those things, Im constantly worried about my read rate. Its a vicious cycle. Even when Im hanging out with my kids, Im thinking of all the work I should be doing instead (which is something I simply need to get over). Once the EA apps are in, the questions and anxiety seem to really heat up in the applicant pool. So I also try to prioritize some time each day to put the counselor in admissions counselor answer email, be attentive to the MIT forum on CC, etc. To me, this is probably the most important part of my job during this time. Hey, perhaps next year the applicants could try to get all stressed out a few months early, to better fit into our reading and selection schedule. :-) (Kidding, of course.) Its a balancing act, certainly. But I do feel prepared even moreso now that Ive been through a complete cycle at MIT. I was cocky this year, thinking that my read rate was going to go way up immediately. I was wrong (although I am better than last year, for sure). Ill get there. In the meantime, Im determined not to feel guilty if I need to spend an hour on a single app. Sometimes thats just what it takes. Anyway, you guys hang in there and try not to worry too much. For those of you who have applied EA, theres pretty much nothing for you to do but wait it out. And while you wait, have fun! :-) Answers to the latest round of questions coming later this week.

The New World Movie Review Essay - 2154 Words

The New World Daniel Patrick 7/29/13 HIST151E31 The New World is a 2006 historical drama set in the early 1600’s, as settlers come from Britain to begin exploring and colonizing the American continents. Written and directed by American director and writer, Terrence Malick, The New World depicts the foundation of Jamestown, the story of John Smith, and their relationships with Pocahontas. The film stars Collin Farrell as John Smith, Qorianka Kilcher as Pocahontas, Christopher Plummer as Captain Newport, and Christian Bale as John Rolfe. Produced by Sarah Green, the film received strong positive reviews for its cinematography, score, and young 15 year old Qorianka Kilcher’s performance as Pocahontas. (Boehm 1-5) The movie opens up to†¦show more content†¦This all happens in the movie, the time lapse is different though. In the movie, Smith is held hostage for his first summer and fall in America. Throughout the warmer climate, Smith and Pocahontas spend many days swimming, running about in fields, and doing ma ny outdoors activities while they fall into a deep love. In reality, it was December when Smith was seized by the Natives. Thus, about an hour of love affairs is flawed in The New World because it would have been too cold to spend so much time falling for each other in a scenic summer. In the movie, Pocahontas and her tribe are shown helping the settlers survive there first winter by bringing them food and supplies while Smith is already established as the leader. Her tribe then proceeds to ambush the settlers through a harsh battle the following spring for not leaving the land and Pocahontas is banned for supporting the settlers. It is an epic scene of action and dramatic fighting that seems to last for days. The battle most likely never happened though, because not one historian accounts for it. In fact in Alan Brinkley’s text, An Unfinished Nation, it is explained that for two years the settlers led â€Å"unrelenting assaults against the Powhatan Indians† and in the process captured Pocahontas to hold for ransom (Brinkly 32). John Smith is said to be called back to Europe to establish his own fleet and voyage and he leaves aShow MoreRelatedPleasantville1586 Words   |  7 PagesUtopia/Dystopia Dr. Viau Pleasantville Pleasantville is a great movie with many hidden messages. The not so obvious but informative messages are one of best aspects of this nineties flick. The special effects are impressive considering this movie is indeed from the nineties. Pleasantville touches base on many actual conflicts in America and throughout history in the most subtle but blunt way. My favorite thing about this movie is how it takes this blind community and shows them what they neverRead MoreSomething s Got Ta Give1026 Words   |  5 PagesSomething’s Gotta Give is an award winning movie written by Nancy Meyers. This romantic drama is greatly known for its middle-aged comedic relief because it highlights the sexual encounters between an old bachelor and a cougar of a woman. The reviews written by Roger Ebert, A.O. Scott and Christopher Orr are about the movie Something’s Gotta Give which will include an opinion on the strengths and weaknesses of how each review is written. Roger Ebert’s 2003 movie review of Something’ Gotta Give was moreRead MoreDo The Right Thing?996 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst review that I found was in the New York Times and was written by Vincent Canby. 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Movie reviewers from around the world offered their insight and opinions on the movie when compared to the novel. These reviewers targeted an audience who were fans of the book and interested moviegoers in general. The argument, ‘book versus movie’ takes many differentRead MoreThesis Video Rental on-Line System: a Proposed System to A. Mabini Video City Inc.1345 Words   |  6 PagesConceptual / Theoretical Framework INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Home Click the Home link To view the whole home page Movie Click the Movie link To view the movie page were posted the latest, new release and description Reviews Click the Reviews link To view movie reviews were can be posted the comments and reviews News Click the News link To view latest movie news About us Click the About us link To view the company profile My account Click the My account link To view the accountsRead MoreHollywood Writers And Directors Do Not Have Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility to avoid stereotyping ethnic characters A successful movie is decided by gross revenue of the movie. Most writers and directors base on the world s histories, the reality society, and the favorite people s style to make their successful movies. Indeed, the writers are responsible for writing the script. 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After weeks of trying to stay away from BellaRead MoreThe Social Network Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dramatic Interpretation of the Social Network Myth After watching the movie The Social Network, the first thing I did was to search for Mark Zuckerberg’s real life experiences to see which parts are facts and which are fictions. As a matter of fact, this Harvard genius that founded the world’s first social network was not as childish as the movie portrayed. At least he didn’t write programming for getting into elite Harvard â€Å"Final Clubs† or for retaliating his girlfriend. During Mark’s

Technology And Technology Essay - 978 Words

Technology is changing the world of education. Students today have adapted to having their cell phones, smartphones, tablets, etc. on them at all times, and they use them for everything. Technology is used for â€Å"calling friends, messaging, listening to music, watching videos, and especially for using social networking sites† (Gok, 2016, p.89). It has become part of an everyday routine. Many studies have been conducted on whether or not technology has a beneficial impact on students when incorporating it within classrooms. Teaching to the 21st-century student can be challenging and technology is a tool proven to have positive outcomes. Recent studies have found that technology in the classroom benefits students to become more motivated, to†¦show more content†¦208). Many researchers have agreed that we use technology in our day to day lives and students are accustomed to using it outside of school so why would educators not utilize it in their classrooms? Technolog y in classrooms has been shown to have a significant effect on high school students’ achievement. In 2015, a study done by Li, Snow, and White concluded that â€Å"...after one year, students using laptops showed significantly higher achievement on nearly all measures than their peers with comparable starting achievement levels who did not use laptops† (p. 7). Educators can incorporate laptop usage with students and build their achievement level by: facilitating and developing a community through online activities, visualizing for difficult concepts, scaffolding learning, and helping students document and present their learning (Thamarasseri, 2014, p.13). There are numerous other ways that educators can use laptops or devices in their classrooms. Another study on the effect of laptop integration and student achievement was conducted through international data. Its purpose was to investigate if there is an impact on achievement through technology devices. The researche r found that â€Å"technology immersion had a positive effect on students’ technology proficiency† and teacher’s â€Å"attitudes have a direct impact onShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Technology Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is being rapidly integrated into society. Despite this being the obvious route in our evolution, there are lots of people who are against the ‘commensalism’, of sorts. The thing is, though, I don’t think they realize just how important technology is, and in how many different areas of your life it is so. There are three main categories in which most people benefit. These three are: science medical, which is relating to the human body and discoveries in many different scientific fields;Read MoreTechnology And Technology Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesIn current times technology has allowed almost anyone to connect such as, texting, calling, email, and other forms of chat. 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Evil in Sula, Yellow Wallpaper, and Love Medicine Free Essays

No Rest for the Wicked â€Å"l started out thinking that one can never really define good and evil. Sometimes good looks like evil; sometimes evil looks like good,† this quote by T. Morrison highlights the fact that evil is relative. We will write a custom essay sample on Evil in Sula, Yellow Wallpaper, and Love Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although evil can be, in many ways, self-defined, many characters in novels can be perceived as one thing while they are another. Written works such as, Sulk, Love Medicine, and The Yellow Wallpaper contain several examples of good vs. evil that take a closer look to deceiver. First, in the novel Sulk, there are several characters that prove that looks can be achieving. For example, the character Sulk is perceived as a terrible person in the book. The people of the Bottom hate her for everything that she is, despite the fact that she followed the example of her mother. The story states, â€Å"The death of Sulk Peace was the best news fossils up in the Bottom had had since the promise of work at the tunnel† (150). They accuse her of things that, in their society, were deemed horrible and not moral. When Sulk attempts to help a child she is only further accused of wicked ways. Sulk only does what she knows, and only hurts Nell because f her blindness to what their relationship has become. As well, Newel’s mother is seen as a good person in society. Helene attends church as does what is proper. The story states, â€Å"Helene Wright was an impressive woman, at least in Medallion she was† (18). However, in an attempt to be a good mother Helene pushes her opinions down Newel’s throat, leaving imagination away and replacing it with a sense of alienation. Helene wants people to see her as a wonderful woman, but her actions and motives seem only to follow selfishness and a need for importance. Moreover, Jude does what is right by society. Jude attempts to work, he takes care of his family, he does everything he was meant to do. The story states, â€Å"Along with a few other young black men, Jude had gone down to the shack where they were hiring† (81). But Jude only married because he was settling, and when Sulk came around he didn’t have a quarrel with cheating on his wife with her best friend. He then leaves him family behind, leaving Nell to take care of the children. And, Eva is a character that can be interoperable as evil, but she only does what she does because she loves her children. Eva kills her own son by lighting him on fire. The story states, â€Å"†¦ Threw it onto the bed where the kerosene-soaked Plum lay in snug delight† (47). Even her daughter does not understand why Eva would do such a thing. But the truth of the matter is that Plum was slowly wasting away, Just the shell of the person he once was. His unhealthy habits and his inability to take care of himself after he was traumatized by the war brings Eva to the decision to end his suffering then and there. Secondly, in the novel Love Medicine there are several examples of evil and good reflections. For instance, the character Marie goes to the convent. Though this can be seen only as a good and pure thing, it is revealed to the readers that Marie wants only the praise and glory she would find there. The story states, â€Å"And they never thought they have a girl from this reservation as a saint they have to kneel to (43). Maria’s reasons are not good, but rather they are wicked reasons that are identified as sins. Moreover, once Marie is within the convent it is revealed that she is not the only wolf in sheep’s clothing. The nun, Leopold sees the devil inside Marie. In an attempt to banish the devil from Marie, she physically harms the young girl. The two both speak of love and both seem to have some degree of hate for the other. The story states, â€Å"She always did things this way, to teach you lessons† (51). Leopold then lies about Maria’s injuries to the other nuns to save herself. As well, Nectar is perceived as a strong individual by the community. Although Nectar keeps a high position in his community and is seen both as handsome and good, he only has such a great position because Marie made him. It was Maria’s work that made Nectar what he was. Even though he owes her a great deal he still cheats on her. He turns away re love in favor of Lulu, committing adultery. He cares for Marie and understands he has obligations to her, but he loves Lulu. He states, â€Å"l do not compare her with Marie. I would not do that. But the way I ache for Lulu, suddenly, is terrible and sad,† (127). He puts his love first in several situations such as, when he planned to leave Marie. Lulu is also a seemingly wrongly accused character. Lulu has got a serious reputation as being a loose woman in the community. She even sleeps with married men because she does not seem to respect the value of marital ties. However, Lulu is a errors of passion and love. The story states, â€Å"And so when they tell you that I was heartless, a shameless man-chaser, don’t forget this: I loved what I saw’ (228). Lulu’s true nature is not that of evil, it is that of love. Although some can argue that her actions were questionable, it is within her intentions that the truth is found. Lastly, in the short story The Yellow Wallpaper, evil and good is a battle that continues through the story. For example, John attempts to take care of Jane by forcing her to bed rest and limiting her activity. Although he is a high standing doctor ND her husband it is with Cane’s point of view that the reader discovers that the bed rest could be doing more harm than good. The bed rest does not allow Jane to function as a normal human being. The story states,† Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good† (1). It seems that, because John is a doctor, he must know what is best for Jane and that the treatment must be good. Perhaps John himself is not evil, but the result of his actions leave Jane in a state of no return. If evil is defined by the opposite of good then his actions have evil results. As well, John takes away Cane’s ability to write. Cane’s loss of a creative outlet is something that she finds could be making things worse. The story states, â€Å"l think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me† (4). Cane’s mental state wavers as the story continues. Her own free will is practically ripped from her, and her writing is left to be done in secret. And, John once again creates â€Å"evil† results as he keeps Jane away from other people. The story states, â€Å"It is so scrounging not to have any advice and companionship about my work† (4). Despite her plea to be around others, John does not trust it. His actions lead Jane farther down her road to insanity and leave her with only her own thoughts of the wallpaper through the day. Moreover, the woman in the wallpaper can be completely perceived as evil at first glance. If the woman in the wallpaper, or the center of Cane’s insanity, takes away Cane’s ability to be a person, than she must be evil. Yet, it is only when Jane reaches the point of full insanity that Jane finds herself free. Able to do what she wants, albeit a bit strange, Jane finds freedom completely. As the story states, â€Å"Vive got out at least,’ said l, ‘in spite of you and Jane. And Vive pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back† (14)! As a symbol of woman’s suffrage, the lady in the wallpaper shows the reader how women, forced into the restraints society has put on them, must choose between insanity, and slavery. It is hard to pinpoint evil or give it a certain definition. Where are the lines drawn? Who determines what is right, necessary, and bad? The ever pondered question that enders if people can be labeled good or evil, or if no one is strictly either, pounds through the mind of those that read. Written works such as, Sulk, Love Medicine, and The Yellow Wallpaper allow readers to see beyond what society may see in a person and look deeper into their actions and motives. Taking a step back from one’s own opinions, the reader can see the many point of views that leave certain actions, characters, and situations more clear on the moral side. If, like beauty, evil is in the eye of the beholder, there can never be a definite definition of the word. How to cite Evil in Sula, Yellow Wallpaper, and Love Medicine, Papers

Mechanisms Impact and Management

Question: Discuss about the Mechanisms Impact and Management. Answer: Introduction: In the following assignment discussions will be carried out with respect to the case scenario relevant to Mrs. Barbara Green who has recently been sent to the local community health centre following the referral from her GP for the sake of assessment and review of her present condition. Discussions will be made from the perspective of the Registered Nurse (RN) working at the local community health centre who has been assigned for taking care and looking after Mrs. Green. The clinical reasoning cycle framework will be utilized for identifying and prioritizing the nursing care needs in the context of the given circumstances. The pertinent skills and expertise that a nurse must possess in order harbor optimum outcomes for the patient forms the central theme of the clinical reasoning cycle (Levett-Jones, 2013). The preparations of the nursing care plan will essentially follow the vital steps of the clinical reasoning cycle including the collection of cues, processing of information, iden tification of problems, and establishment of goals. Subsequent measures of taking actions, evaluating outcomes and reflecting on process of new learning will be adopted to complete the process of clinical reasoning. Thus a succinct overview on the overall topic will be presented here. Identifying nursing care priorities Mr. Barbara Green is an 89 year old lady who lives alone in her one storey house. She lost her husband two years ago and since then her health has been deteriorating. She used to be a primary school teacher and retired from her job 24 years ago. Barbara along with her husband, were active members and volunteers at the local church as well the local shop. She has a German lineage as she migrated from Germany and settled in Australia 40 years ago and maintained deeper contact with the German Association. A son and daughter from her previous marriage and her husbands previous marriage constitute the immediate family for her. She shares good relationship with both of them although both stay far away from her home. Barbara has been recently referred to the local community health centre by her GP to undergo health assessment and review. She has the medical history of having macular degeneration, hypothyroidism, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and is under daily prescribed medications. Currently she has given up driving on being diagnosed with macular degeneration, limited her level of activities and rarely gets out of home and consecutively shunned her physical association with friends and members at the German Association. Her house is strangely disheveled with the cupboards storing minimal quantity of food storage with some tins of soup and baked beans. Although Barbara feels oneness with her community, yet she prefers to stay alone at home on realizing that in order to have her wish fulfilled she might require assistance. Presently Barbara has been observed to be suffering from symptoms encompassing joint stiffness, swollen feet and enlarged joints, pain in the knee, hip, back and finger joints coupled with limited joint movement. Constipation, vision deficit, occasional dizziness and non-significant recent weight loss has also been reported for Barbara. The restricted movement and joint pain related symptoms may be well corroborated with the prevalence of osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis (Kurt et al., 2016). Osteoarthritis is likely to have affected her major body parts that have resulted in the pain generation. The joints are particularly affected due to chronic inflammation because of rheumatoid arthritis that in turn has limited her mobility (Messier et al., 2013). Symptoms of dizziness might have ensued from her prevalent condition of hypothyroidism due to underactive thyroid hormones (Cappola, 2016). The underlying cause for vision deficit is likely to be embedded in the age related progressive thinning and degeneration of the macula that lead to blurred or diminished central vision (Christen et al., 2014). Moreover the sudden loss in weight may be speculated to have occurred because of under-eating. Reviewing the information obtained from referral letter from Barbaras GP it is evident that she has certain issues that calls for immediate attention and subsequent interventions. The problems that have been recognized in this case include: Loss of body weight Reduction in consumption of food Tendency of isolation Selection of top priority of care Analyzing the condition specific to Barbara, the issue pertinent to the sudden reduction in body weight has been identified as the top priority care that deserves prompt intervention. The potential goals for managing the loss of body weight could be: Barbara will show improvements in her appetite and engage in proper dietary habits with adequate proportion of meals within one week. She will gain weight in a month. She will express her keenness towards going out of home and socializing with her friends and members at the German Association. Her quality of living will improve through better participation at social events through proper assistance. Barbara will be having increased compliance to medications and express better feeling towards general living. On matter related to healthy weight gain in the patient, nutritional supplements along with the normal diet may be applied following recommendation and suitable advice from the attending physicians (Parsons et al., 2017). Pain management for the prevalent arthritis condition may also be promoted through physical therapy that in turn will lead to amelioration of pain in the patient thereby leading to improved quality of living (Katz et al., 2013). Comfort in the form of pain management is likely to improve the dietary habits in the person (Walsh McWilliams, 2014). Social communication will also be enhanced as a result of improved mobility due to intervention for arthritis (Benka et al., 2016). The weight loss issue thus may be regulated through making arrangements for managing and treating the pain due to arthritis that had limited her movement and subsequently social participation. The course of actions taken in relation to the prevalent condition for Barbara will be evaluated for their effectiveness. Determination of the weight for Barbara shows that she has put on weight and has improved appetite as well. Barbara has improved pain score depicted in Pain Assessment Scale and show improvement in motion. Increased participation in the German Association is noted in case of Barbara. Barbara is diligently following the prescribed medication without skipping or forgetting them and mentions about her wellbeing after taking the drugs and eating healthy. The quality of living has visibly improved for Barbara. The opportunity to serve Barbara has left me with vital information regarding certain issues at old age. I now understand the impacts of arthritis both of rheumatoid type and osteoarthritis upon the activities of daily living in case of aged persons. I further came to know about the psychological effects of pathological conditions due to arthritis, hypothyroidism and visual deficit that often prompt them to be isolated. I wish I had more knowledge specific to these conditions to better treat Barbara and improve her overall healthy by means of accounting for increasing the dietary intake. I now understand the underlying effects of chronic ailments like arthritis and hypothyroidism that exerts their definite impacts upon the physical as well as mental health of the affected individual. The case study of Mrs. Barbara offered an insight into the multifaceted impacts of conditions relevant to arthritis and hypothyroidism in case of older adults especially among the females. The efficacy of the available treatment modalities other than medications in case of the victims other than medications is also known. The feasibility of applying physical therapy techniques along with appropriate nutritional supplements in case of arthritis affected person has also been a remarkable observation. Apart from these the importance of healthy eating and weight gain for sustaining and maintaining quality of life is further revealed. Thus in fine it may be said that management of old age related issues must be done in a collaborative manner with engagements from professionals from diverse fields and backgrounds, nursing being one of the vital vocations in this regard (Bramble, 2017). References Benka, J., Nagyova, I., Rosenberger, J., Macejova, Z., Lazurova, I., van der Klink, J. L., van Dijk, J. P. (2016). Social participation in early and established rheumatoid arthritis patients. Disability and rehabilitation, 38(12), 1172-1179. Bramble, M. (2017). Nursing for wellness in older adults S. Hunter and C. Miller. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, 2016. ISBN 9781922228758 (paperback). Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(1), 77-77. Cappola, A. R. (2016). Hypothyroidism in the Elderly. In 2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management (pp. 355-358). The Endocrine Society. Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Manson, J. E., MacFadyen, J., Bubes, V., Schvartz, M., Gaziano, J. M. (2014). Effects of multivitamin supplement on cataract and age-related macular degeneration in a randomized trial of male physicians. Ophthalmology, 121(2), 525-534. Katz, J. N., Brophy, R. H., Chaisson, C. E., De Chaves, L., Cole, B. J., Dahm, D. L., Levy, B. A. (2013). Surgery versus physical therapy for a meniscal tear and osteoarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(18), 1675-1684. Kurt, E., zdilli, K., Yorulmaz, H., Sar?soy, G., Durmu?, D., Bke, ., Akbaba, N. (2016). Body Image and Self-Esteem in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Body Image, 53(4). Levett-Jones, T. (2013). Clinical reasoning: learning to think like a nurse| NOVA. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository. Messier, S. P., Mihalko, S. L., Legault, C., Miller, G. D., Nicklas, B. J., DeVita, P., Williamson, J. D. (2013). Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. Jama, 310(12), 1263-1273. Parsons, E. L., Stratton, R. J., Cawood, A. L., Smith, T. R., Elia, M. (2017). Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 134-142. Walsh, D. A., McWilliams, D. F. (2014). Mechanisms, impact and management of pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 10(10), 581-592

The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries

Introduction Cultural heritage and the achievements of the ancestors of a country are considered to be one of the most influential factors of the tourism industry development. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a long period of time, the tourism industry is regarded as a considerable part of business life in UK. Taking into consideration the idea that many various factors and people are involved in the sphere of tourism, it is not very easy to provide this particular industry with a clear definition and comprehend how the development of tourism policy and planning processes may be organized. In this paper, the evaluation of tourism policy and planning will be offered to define what achievements have been made during the last several years, what priorities have been identified, and what factors may influence the development of the chosen industry. Political and even environmental instability dictate their own rules which have to be followed by the representatives of the tourism industry. A number of cultural and social aspects may also predetermine the developments of tourists’ activities. And finally, economic challenges deprive the tourism industry of the possibilities to develop to its full extent. This paper will present several strong evidences in order to prove the need for tourism planning in any destination. Tourism policies and planning are considered to be crucial points in the development of the industry due to the possibilities to evaluate the situation, to forecast possible troubles, to identify tourism destinations, and to respond a number of calamities which have natural roots or depend on human activities. Evaluation of Tourism in UK, Its Policy, and Planning Processes The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the richest countries in th e whole world with its traditions, people, abilities, potentials, and resources. In spite of the fact that some misunderstandings with different countries like the United States of America, France, and Germany, took place, the country realized that the necessity of cultural integration and a kind of exchange of the experience. This is why the British government supported the idea to develop the industry of tourism as â€Å"the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting the visitors† (Goeldner Ritchie 2006, p.5).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To succeed in the defined activities, it is very important to choose an appropriate policy that could look at special political proce sses and public support in order to meet the demands of the government and a number of public interests. Only in this case, tourism policy will be identified as a â€Å"vehicle for a government to direct and stimulate the tourism industry† (Edgell et al. 2008, p. 13). In fact, some researchers admit that such terms as tourism policy and tourism planning may be interchangeable due to the fact that both of them are based on the political factors which promote successful decision-making processes and the evaluation of the possible outcomes. For example, Harry Clark (2001) admits that UK tourism policy is based on the two questions posed: â€Å"When do markets fail and when is government intervention called for?† (p. 408). This is why tourism should be regarded as the industry the success of which is crucial for the country as it is considered to be the main source of â€Å"income for many groups† of people (Welford Ytterhus 2004, p. 410). Urgency of Tourism Poli cy and Planning in Regard to the Conditions People Have to Live Under The process of tourism development plays a very important role in the sphere of business. The way of how people are able to organize their tourism activities define the way of how the country may develop the relations with other countries. The representatives of UK government try to take as many effective steps as possible to evaluate the situation and introduce some appropriate ideas and support. Gilmore et al. (2008) underline the fact that the sphere of tourism is properly established in Europe, still, some countries require more financial support as they are â€Å"only now emerging as modern tourist destinations† (113), and one of these countries is Northern Ireland. This country is regarded to be a considerable part of the UK; this is why it is necessary to evaluate the factors which may predetermine tourism development and the effectiveness of tourism policy and planning. There are several factors wh ich may influence this kind of development: economic, technological, socio-cultural, and environmental. To understand the need for tourism policy in regard to a particular destination, the United Kingdom, it is better to evaluate the factors and define how urgent this policy and planning processes may be. It does not actually matter what kind of tourism is supported by the country (whether it is eco-tourism, heritage tourism, or some kind of adventure tourism), the importance of the factors is observed. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case the UK government takes into consideration all the factors from social to environmental perspectives and apply them during the tourism planning process, the vast majority of goals can be met. The most integral goals in tourism are: promotion of visitors’ satisfac tion, appropriate use of sustainable resources, abilities to respond market failures, and in-time integration of tourism into the particular community. The idea of tourism planning may be approached in a variety of ways, and in this paper, the attention to economic, social, cultural, environmental, and technological benefits is paid to promote appropriate development of society. The economic approach helps to comprehend that tourism has to be equal to the rest of industries because this sphere promotes the development of job places, increase of revenue, and improvements of regional items. And government, as an integral part of policy-making process should be able to perform the functions of a successful coordinator, planner, and legal regulator. Now, evaluation of factors which determine the necessity of tourism planning will be developed. The Influence of Environmental Factors on Tourism Policy And Planning It is universally known that the Planet is in danger because of the natura l pollution. All the countries of the world try to protect the environment and to support different policies directed at the problem. The environmental factor influences the tourism policy and planning greatly. The protection and conservation of the nature is one of the main objectives of the tourism industry as it is one of the main reasons for tourism development. While planning tourism objects and developing new sights for tourists in the United Kingdom, the government should pay attention to the condition of the environment in those regions. One of the main reason people want to travel is to have a rest and enjoy the nature. The view with landfills is not going to attract those. Thus, to spend money and afford on the environment protection on the state of tourism planning, the government of the UK will be able to get more profit in the future. At the same time the environment protection section in the tourism policy may create a number of difficulties which may become a real ha zard for people. Thus, there are some jobs which may contradict to the tourism policy in the question of the environment protection. In this case, the UK government should understand what they need more, the creation of the workplaces or the environment protection necessary for the increase of the tourism potential of the country (Dodds Butler 2010, p. 42). For example, while creating a tourism policy, the â€Å"integration into public and private sector development, policies plans and programs† should be provided (Dodds Butler 2010, p. 38). One of the examples of such policies is the local environmental plans. The tourism should be related to those policies as it may be helpful while planning new places of recreation. Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the local environmental plans and tourism policy plans may be directed at one and t same region that may increase the productivity of the results and nature conservation in that region. The Influence of Technological Factors on Tourism Policy And Planning The technological innovations have already affected all parts of human life. Tourism is not an exception. The influence of different innovations in t technological sphere is great. Thus, according to the research conducted by Formica Kothari (2008) â€Å"innovation and advancement of technology† impact the increase of â€Å"digital divide for consumers and businesses† and the growth of â€Å"hardware and software expenditures† (p. 363). The work is provided from home what increases the productivity and customer service quality, the products and services become more personalized, and â€Å"leisure behavior more dependent on technology† (Formica Kothari 2008, p. 363). Us, the customers and the tourism policy makers state only on the positive features which became available with the appearance of the innovative technologies. Moreover, there is an opportunity to be at the place of destination within several hours that was impossible several years ago. Planning tourism industry, the United Kingdom may be sure that people should not spend days or even weeks on the voyage to its coasts. The convenience and time saving are the main facilities which should be considered while planning the tourism in the UK. The location of t country on the island does not make it less available for people in other countries. This should be remembered while planning tourism. Economic Facts and It Connection with Tourism Planning and Tourism Each economy is striving to augment incomes and employment rates and tourism is one of evident sources for promoting this sphere. Strong economic infrastructure, diligent level for employment, and government revenues serve as a solid underpinning for developi ng tourism. In its turn, properly-defined tourism policies and planning can greatly contribute to the growth of economy. It can raise the employment rates, increase the governmental budget, and strengthen other sectors of economy making them more sustainable and mature. More importantly, the need for tourism policy and planning offers many other great benefits. It should also be stressed that economic growth and tourism are closely intertwined with regard to global trends, interest rates and exchange rates. In this regard, tourism is considered to be as linking chain to the international market allowing the government to keep pace with recent shifts in the world economy. The problem is that public authorities fail to recognize tourism as one of the chief economic stimulator. In this regard, UK government should realize an urgent need for tourism planning and development because â€Å"tourism taxes will be used to fund education and other unrelated services that rely heavily on pu blic financial support† (Formica and Kothari 2009, p. 360). A new course of tourism planning, thus, can lead to a considerable improvement of other sectors, such as education, marketing, commerce at domestic and international level. Moreover, it will expand and strengthen international cooperation and involve foreign businesses to the countries. Impact of Tourism on Socio-Cultural Environment The fact that tourism affects social and cultural dimensions of development is undeniable because this sphere is closely connected with cross-cultural communication between nations and communities. Along with planning and expanding tourism sector, the country provides much space for community advancement and international communication. What is more important is that a favourable socio-cultural environment can fulfil cultural diversity gaps and present the peculiarities of local culture in its full extent. Tourism policies and planning is also predetermined by the necessity to enhance an d protect of local cultural amenities and introduce regulations that would â€Å"protect local cultures and natural areas, as well as provide economic incentives to local communities to act in an ecologically responsive manner† (Formica and Kothari 2009, p.). In addition to this, intensive development of tourism in the UK will advance the sphere of education and will provide more recreational opportunities for people. Taking a course on consistent development of tourism policy and planning is a brilliant opportunity to introduce the world with rich history, culture, and traditions of the country. In this regard, the government should provide diligent funding of museums and other non-profit organizations that support the development and preservation of cultural heritage. Conclusion In general, the development of tourism industry is considered to be an integral part of society’s life. People are in need of fast-developing activities which may bring a lot of benefits. Thi s is why the process of tourism policy and planning cannot be stopped. It is similar to decisions which are made by different people: they cannot stop making them, still, they have a variety of opportunities to approve and implement them accordingly. Tourism development depends considerably on a number of social, environmental, technological, and cultural concerns. To avoid various barriers and failures, it is better to evaluate the factors and their possible outcomes and consider the effectiveness of the plan provided. Taking into account the evaluations offered in this paper, it is possible to conclude that the need of tourism policies and planning is evident. There are a number of countries which demonstrate how this process may be developed: success of American or Mexican tourism should encourage the representatives from other countries be similar or, at least, try to be such. Under the conditions people have to develop tourism business, it is possible to find various improvem ents and ideas on how to succeed in tourism policy and introduce successful planning processes. Implementation of the policies should certain help to achieve high tourism goals and impress the tourists with high quality services. Reference List Clark, H 2001, ‘The Economics of Tourism’, Economics Record, vol. 77, no. 239, p. 407. Dodds, R, Butler, R 2010, ‘Barriers to Implementing Sustainable Tourism Policy in Mass Tourism Destinations’, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 35-53. Edgell, DL, Allen, MD, Smith, G, Swanson, J 2008, Tourism Policy and Planning: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Elsevier, Burlington. Formica, S, Kothari, TH 2008, ‘Strategic Destination Planning: Analyzing the Future of Tourism’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 46, pp. 355-367. Gilmore, A, Carson, D, Ascencao, M, Fawcett, L 2008, ‘Managing ‘Balance’ in a Tourism Context’, Irish Journal of Man agement, vol. 29, no.1, p. 113. Goeldner, CR Ritchie, RB 2006, Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Ytterhus, B 2004, ‘Sustainable Development and Tourism Destination Management: A Case Study of the Lillehammer Region, Norway’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 410. This essay on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries was written and submitted by user Valerie Mcfarland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Day In The Life Of A Hunter-gatherer

You’ve traveled all the way back to the Paleolithic period, all to discover what a day in my life is like. Well be sure I will not disappoint you. From what we eat to how live, I will be sure to tell you everything. Let’s get started. My people are what you call Hunter-Gatherers. We survive by hunting and gathering our food. We live in what are called â€Å"Bands.† These usually consist of 15-20 people, all of which are usually related either by blood or marriage. We don’t have any type of government or hierarchy like other civilizations. Instead we believe we are all created equal, and we treat each other in that manner. Our labor is divided among us, usually on the basis of sex, and our elderly are respected and involved in our decision making. The band works as a team, helping each other in times of need. We also lend helping hands to other bands when needed, and sometimes join together in a larger group. We are nomadic, which means that we do not stay in the same place year around. We move in order to take advantage of the abundance of different foods in different areas. Wait, I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me take you through a day in my life. Our breakfast is pretty simple. The outcome of the hunting and gathering of yesterday decides what food we will eat for breakfast today. On a good day we will eat grapefruit, or a mixture of fruits and nuts along with some elk jerky, and of course accompanied by spring water. After breakfast the men will leave for their daily hunt. There is a great skill to their hunting, for they must know where and when to look for the foods. The men use various tools in hunting for animals. The most common of these tools is the bow. This is the most powerful weapon available. Arrows made of wood with flint blades set in their ends are also used for hunting. Our men hunt for game such as deer, elk, bear, birds, etc. They also fish. Fishing is successful in most cases. Salmon especially ... Free Essays on Day In The Life Of A Hunter-gatherer Free Essays on Day In The Life Of A Hunter-gatherer You’ve traveled all the way back to the Paleolithic period, all to discover what a day in my life is like. Well be sure I will not disappoint you. From what we eat to how live, I will be sure to tell you everything. Let’s get started. My people are what you call Hunter-Gatherers. We survive by hunting and gathering our food. We live in what are called â€Å"Bands.† These usually consist of 15-20 people, all of which are usually related either by blood or marriage. We don’t have any type of government or hierarchy like other civilizations. Instead we believe we are all created equal, and we treat each other in that manner. Our labor is divided among us, usually on the basis of sex, and our elderly are respected and involved in our decision making. The band works as a team, helping each other in times of need. We also lend helping hands to other bands when needed, and sometimes join together in a larger group. We are nomadic, which means that we do not stay in the same place year around. We move in order to take advantage of the abundance of different foods in different areas. Wait, I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me take you through a day in my life. Our breakfast is pretty simple. The outcome of the hunting and gathering of yesterday decides what food we will eat for breakfast today. On a good day we will eat grapefruit, or a mixture of fruits and nuts along with some elk jerky, and of course accompanied by spring water. After breakfast the men will leave for their daily hunt. There is a great skill to their hunting, for they must know where and when to look for the foods. The men use various tools in hunting for animals. The most common of these tools is the bow. This is the most powerful weapon available. Arrows made of wood with flint blades set in their ends are also used for hunting. Our men hunt for game such as deer, elk, bear, birds, etc. They also fish. Fishing is successful in most cases. Salmon especially ...

Participate in a Research Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Participate in a Research Study - Essay Example Many of the questions were asking about current situations as well as one that the participant remembered from their past. The strengths of this study were that it only took about 15 minutes and it was done online. This way, the study could be random and they could take as many participants as possible. Because it was online, they were able to take people from all over the world. They also provided links to therapists that could help if the participants had any challenges with their feelings after the study as well as the email of one of the researchers. The only weakness of the study I felt was that the sections were too long in some situations. There were several times that I felt like I just wanted to stop instead of going all the way through to the end. In the initial page of the study, the researchers gave information about any ethical considerations. The study had been approved by their ethical committee and they said participants could leave a study blank if it made them feel uncomfortable. They also gave links to counselors because they said that it could be that one would feel some anxiety or distress in answering some of the questions. They said that the survey was voluntary and that the participant had the right to withdraw participation at any time.

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism Research Paper - 1

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism localization and interaction specific to this area - Research Paper Example Moreover, they provide food security and livelihoods to people in the country. However, the stability of reefs in the region is under threats. This has occurred due to destructive fishing methods and overuse of resources (Unico Conservation Foundation, 2012). The threat in this ecosystem is seen as a threat to Philippines livelihoods due to a higher level of reliance on reefs. In coral reefs, there exists a feeding relationship between various organisms. The relationship helps in the transfer of energy from one level to another (Rose, 2009). A reef in a normal environment ensures stability and sustenance of these organisms. In the lower level of the reef are the producers. These ensure there is a creation of food for other organisms up in the system. There are a number of producers in the coral reef ecosystems. The most common are phytoplankton, algae, and species of seaweed (Rose, 2009). However, the major producer in the system is the phytoplankton (Rose, 2009). The organisms at this stage live in close association with the corals. Hence, they contribute to the make up of the reefs. Consumers occupy the second level (Rose, 2009). However, the consumers are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. The first level in this stage is occupied by primary consumers (Rose, 2009). The consumers at this level are herbivores (Rose, 2009). Some of the major herbivores in the marine environment include zooplankton, invertebrate larvae, benthic grazers, sea urchins, some corals and crabs as well as green sea turtles and herbivorous fish (Rose, 2009). However, the most abundant consumers at this stage are zooplankton (Rose, 2009). However, the feeding mechanism of creatures at this level varies. For example, the benzic grazers and some coral species adopt a different mechanism in which they feed through filtration (Rose, 2009). The form of feeding helps them to filter phytoplankton out of the water. Other creatures eat algae and seaweed directly. The

The Power Of China And The Shang Dynasty History Essay

The Power Of China And The Shang Dynasty History Essay As we know it today, China has been one of the most powerful countries in the world. Early China is much different from what we know to be the Republic of China. Before becoming one giant country, China was divided into many kingdoms settled along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. With origins dating back well over five thousand years, historians have been able to uncover facts about the Chinese dynasties to as early as 1700 B.C. Artifacts such as animal bones, turtle shells, and bronze weapons with messages written on them are a few items that show existence of the people that lived there. These oracle bones are said to be the earliest form of written records, showing subsistence of an era to be known as the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty, known to be the longest ran dynasty in the history of China, has been noted to have been ruled by at least 31 emperors. Each king, chosen based on hereditary, simultaneously acts as priests that serve as the connection between their people to the spirit world. As the religious leader the kings were responsible for making animal sacrifices and interpreting messages that were written on oracle bones prepared by divine followers. The writings on the oracle bones show evidence that the Chinese had a strong belief in supernatural forces. In fact, the meaning of the oracle bones was to communicate with the gods. After exposing the bones to fire the Chinese would inscribe questions and concerns on the matters of the world. During the Shang dynasty China was classified as an agricultural society. One major issue during the Shang dynasty was their association with war and combat. With the discovery of the new technology of horse-drawn carriages, it has been noted that these tactics were what aided their rise in power in northern China. After many years of ruling the Shang dynasty was overthrown by a powerful young state later to be known as the Zhou dynasty. The Zhou embraced the political system of the previous dynasty, but made a few changes. The Zhou continued to practice the Shangs idea of dividing the kingdom into different regions in which king selected officials managed. As the Zhous establishment began to expand began to create organizations that were responsible for the overlook of education, law, and even public works. Much like the Shang, the Zhou people believed in a close relationship between the king and the gods of heaven. To represent the overthrown of the Shang, the Zhou people created the idea of the mandate of heaven which would also be adopted by many succeeding dynasties. The mandate of heaven explains that the heavens give the power to kings to keep rule over society as long as he does it to please the gods and protect the interest of his people. But if the gods were not pleased in the way the king ruled, the mandate would be taken away from him. Thus resulting in his overthrowing and replacement by a new ruler that accepted heavens mandate. The idea of the mandate of heaven was closely associated with the reason of the Zhous triumph over the Shang dynasty, and also becoming the structure of following Chinese tradition. The decline of the Zhou dynasty started to become evident around the sixth century. As the power of the central government began to weaken, conflicts between different principalities began to escalate. At the expense of the king, his governing officials power began to climb as they began to regulate the local economy. By creating government monopolies and imposing taxes on key resources such as salt and iron. During the last couple centuries of the Zhou dynasty, the authority of its king started to become minimal. Several of the smaller areas of the Zhou kingdom began to divide and evolve into powerful states which created a potential threat to the then Zhou emperor. At first, the rivalries were calm but by the end of the end of the fifth century the bitter jealousy sparked into civil war. This time period is what to be known as the Period of the Warring States. With new methods of warfare emerging such as the invention of iron weapons and crossbows along with introduction of foot soldiers and cavalry, the states feuded with each other over control of the empire with no regards to the authority of the Zhou court. With the advantage of a strong defensive position in the mountains, the state of Chin easily conquered their main rivals through invasion or tactful maneuvering. In 221 B.C. the Chinas first genuinely unified government was established. The reason of triumph of the Chin over its neighboring states has been heavily associated with the character of its fearless ruler, Shi Huang Ti. Ti strongly believed in unity and peace of the empire over the violence and chaos of the previous dynasties. In efforts to end the philosophical ideology of feudalism embraced by the Zhou, Ti adopted the ideas of legalism. Those who opposed Tis idea of legalism were punished, even sometimes executed. Even books that contradicted the concept of legalism were burned. To fuel his efforts Ti began to strip the lords of their power, giving them no governing authority and also preventing them from having their own military force. Instead of having many different armies Ti brought the idea unifying these militaries to make one strong force. Many fundamental and political advancements were birthed under the legalistic theory, most of them survived throughout the Chin Empire served as standard for future dynasties. Very unlike the Zhou, the Chins centralized government was divided into 3 le vels of primary ministries: civil and military authorities and a censorate, whose purpose was to investigate the effectiveness of officials throughout the system. Under the central government were two levels of administration: provinces and counties. Also unlike the Zhou system, officials did not inherit their positions but are appointed by the court and subject to dismissal at the emperor will. The Chin dynastys totalitarianism based government also consisted of a penal code that was strictly enforced. Punishments for wrongdoers were usually subject to fines or taken to prisons and forced to do convict labor. With the convict labor of about a half million prisoners the Chins building program flourished. Many of Chinas historic landmarks were built during their rein such as the Great Wall of China which stretched more than 1,500 miles, the Grand Canal which links the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, tombs and also 16 palaces. The Chin Empire quickly began to fall after the death of its em peror in 210 B.C. After the disappreance of the Chin the idea absolute rule of Chinese society would be viewed as betrayal of the new humanistic principles. But on the other hand the Chin system, although somewhat extreme, was a successful answer to a large, complex society.

Is Lying Under Any Circustances “Righ or Wrong”

Based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, I would have to disagree with his argument that lying is wrong under any circumstances. In this paper I will discuss my reason for disagreeing with the argument based on the flaw stated in the argument, how lying and telling the truth both have bad consequences depending on the circumstances, and also how moral rules cannot be absolute. In this paragraph I will be discussing the flaw that is stated in the argument, in which I absolutely agree with.The philosophy that â€Å" Kant† is stating is completely flawed because it is contradictory on what he base his reasoning on. â€Å" Suppose it was necessary to lie to save someone’s life. Should you do it? Kant would have us reason as follows: We should do only those actions that conform to rules that we could will to be adopted universally. Second, if you were to lie, you would be following the rule ‘ It is okay to lie. ‘ Also this rule could not be adopted universally, because it would be self-defeating: People would stop believing one another, and then it would do no good to lie, therefore, you should not lie. (Immanuel Kant). The problem would show in step two, on why we would be saying if we lied that we would be following a rule that it is okay to lie, when as Anscombe stated if you changed it around to â€Å" I will lie when doing so would save someone’s life. † That would make that rule not be self-defeating. Ancombe's argument,shows that in order not to lie completely and prove Kant’s philosophy you have to show where lying would not have a good consequence behind it. But it clearly shows that depending on what you are lying for some lies can help more than hurt.Which leads me into my second point on how lying and telling the truth both has bad consequences. In Kant’s philosophy telling the truth leaves you blameless no matter what the outcome of the truth. And lying leaves you being held responsible for the out come no matter good or bad. This to me is not a good philosophy because you cannot be blameless if telling the truth gets someone killed, but lying helps save his or her life. Because you had to lie in order to save that person’s life does that make you less heroic? No. To me it shouldn’t matter as long as you did what you had to do to help hat person stay alive. A lie can have harmful consequences you can get someone hurt by lying: and saying that a person did something can get them fired from work. But you can also tell the truth about a person and her actions and still get her fired from work. Both have bad consequences and it doesn’t make that person feel any better about whether the outcome came from lying or telling the truth. And that shows how lies and truths both have bad consequences. A moral rule cannot be absolute to me because we don’t live in a society that makes decisions based on morals.Because there is some circumstances that make it hard to say that when this person lied it doesn’t matter that the outcome helped someone it was just a lie and nothing else matters. That is not the reality of things morally; you cannot let a person die and feel good about yourself just because you told the truth. Making a moral rule absolute would be contradictory to Kants philosophy, tell the truth no matter what; but morally, is it right to let someone that you can help with a lie fall by the waste side?You may have morally told the truth, but you also feel responsible morally no matter how righteous telling the truth may have been. If you ask me if a moral rule was absolute there would be terrible consequences to telling the truth and not lying in certain circumstances. If such dilemmas occur, then doesn’t this disprove the existence of absolute moral rules? Suppose, for example the two rules â€Å" It is wrong to lie† and â€Å" It is wrong to facilitate the murder of innocent people† are both taken to be absolute?The Dutch fishermen in Kant’s argument would have to do one of these things; therefore, a moral view that absolutely prohibits both is incoherent. (Immanuel Kant) In conclusion I feel that Kants philosophy as I stated in my thesis is flawed and I disagree with it completely. You cannot in my opinion say that as long as you tell the truth no matter what the consequences are would leave you blameless, if when telling a lie would help someone. But just because it is morally wrong to lie it doesn’t matter of that consequence you are still wrong even though lying saved that person’s life.If you ask me it would be morally wrong to let a person die and not do everything in your power to save that person. Which is why I don’t feel like a moral rule should be absolute and why in both circumstances of lying or telling the truth you really never know what outcome you are going to get. It is a choice that you make based on the situation that you are in, a nd even when telling the truth the outcome can still be bad. Kant had a good argument to me, but as the readings say it was â€Å"limited†. Works Cited Rachels, James ( 1941-2003) The Elements of Moral Philosophy

Malcom X and Racial Identity Development Essay

Racial Identity Development is the steps minority or majority groups go through to gain understanding of their racial identity. Many people don’t go through all these stages in their life and it requires a lot of inner growth to get there. After watching Malcom X, a civil rights leader, I saw how Malcom went through each of the stages of black/ minority racial identity development; some with difficulty and others with not as much trouble. After reading about and reflecting on the minority development, I realized that I’m at the stage of immersion/ emmersion. I find myself more concerned about my culture and who I hang out with. I’m constantly asking questions about where I come from and why certain things work the way they do based on skin color. I’m also noticing how my race is seen through the eyes of others/ majority groups and what factors contribute to their opinions. I’m making more connections with kids and adults my race instead of with others just to get a better understanding of myself. Everybody has to go through the pre-encounter stage. This is the stage where race isn’t very apparent to the individual. They don’t question the idea that â€Å"white is right† and â€Å"black is wrong†. Malcom experienced this stage in many ways. One example of this is when Malcom went to the barber shop to get his hair permed. After seeing his hair straight, he makes a comment saying, â€Å"look like white hair don’t it†. This is an example of the pre-encounter stage because Malcom is saying that white people have straight hair which automatically makes white hair better. The next stage is the encounter stage. In this stage, the individual grows aware of their race and the disadvantages that come along with it. A certain event usually triggers this acknowledgment. An example of how Malcom went through this stage was when he was in school and was told by his white teacher that he couldn’t become a lawyer because he was black. This is also a form of direct racism. He realizes that there are certain things he can and can’t do due to his race. He also realizes that he’s part of a group that has certain disadvantages. After the encounter stage comes the stage of immersion/ emmersion. At this point in the individuals life they want to become more intact with the visible symbols of their race. They concentrate on themselves and the others that are their race. They tend to move away from people of other races. As Malcom is going through this stage, he tends to push people of other races away. A white reporter approached Malcom and asked him what she could do to help support the black community and he replied that there was nothing she could do to help the black cause. He felt that white people had so much of an advantage that they wouldn’t be able to understand or help the black community. The last stage of the minority racial identity development is internalization and commitment. In this stage, the individual uses what he/she learned about themselves and their race and transfers it to take action about their concerns about their race. When Malcom reaches this stage, he takes his time to apologize to other black civil rights leaders. He realizes that they all had the same ending goal and that they should be working together to help better the understanding of their race. After learning about these stages of minority race identity development, I feel like I have a better understanding of myself and others around me. I’m more open to learning more about other races and if my race reflects theirs. As I go through the other stages, I hope to gain a better understanding of what I can do to better the way my race is perceived and how to move on through the stages.

World War 1 - America - PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9728 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction: When World War1 broke out in 1914, it ended almost 100 years of relative peace in Europe. America at that time adopted a policy of neutrality and isolation regarding war. This approach was fully supported by the people of America at that time but later, in 1917 the German submarines entered the US marine territories against which the US government finally had to break the ice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "World War 1 America PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder" essay for you Create order So, as a reaction to German invasion America finally launched a counter attack and consequently the whole nation plunged into the great World War1. Unaware of the consequences America unwillingly had to participate in the greatest holocaust of the world known as the World War1. America would never have become a part of World War1 and have stuck to its neutral policy but the German submarines defied the US marine laws and entered the US territories on January 9th, 1917. Woodrow Wilson the US president at that time finally asked congress to declare war on Germany and it was April 2nd, 1917. As a result of this legitimate order America joined the war along with the other Allies. On the other hand the continent of Europe was under the attack of war where World War1 rose like a wall of blood red mountains. Despite having massive military and great weapons war killed ten million Europeans, most of them were young soldiers, nurses and subjects and all became the victims of ultimate death brought by heavy war weapons, flying jets and bullets swimming in the air. It was deaths command everywhere and when death comes to its empire it kills all what it finds. Similar was the situation in America where men, women and children all were on the mercy of a single bullet. Four million American soldiers were killed in war and almost equal number of civilians got killed and injured men, women and children left homeless due to the great wreckage all around with the spread of epidemic disease that resulted in the cause of further deaths of many civilians. It was a chaotic situation after the war ended in 1919. People were completely disillusioned and stunned by the aftermaths of the World War1. They were hopeless and unaware of their futures. The basic matrix of life was completely dissolved by the cruel war and human civilization became a victim of demolition. People lost their faith in basic norms and values of life as war took away with it their hopes, happiness and loved ones too. They seemed completely lost with having no basic aim behind being alive. Young men and women of America started living like herds of sheep and were spending life just for the sake of killing time. Eventually the war ended but it left behind its impact on the mind of masses and its terror got stored into the minds of the post-war generations. People became mentally sick and even after the war was over they felt its aftershocks later on in their lives. World War1 was the greatest trauma of the lives of a great number of Americans who survived the brutal attack of the war. The post-war American race became a victim of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and other mental disorders which were the result of the shocks given by the World War1. PTSD is a severe kind of state of mind after a great shock or accident that leads a human being to become a patient of insomnia and several other mental retardations. Almost each community and every class in Americas post-war society became a victim of PTSD which became a cause of disbelief and disgracing of the traditional life style on part of American generation. Watching all the above mentioned events and incidents in the midst of the battle fields and among the victims of the World War1 was present Ernest Hemingway, an American Red Cross ambulance driver who witnessed and used all these war events and post-war condition of the society as a backdrop of his literary works. Hemingway represented the American society and a post-war perturbed American generation which is known as the Lost Generation of America. Hemingway being a spokesman of the lost generation, masterly managed to give a unique account of events and incidents that took place in the war and changed the lives of millions of Americans. Hemingways main concern was the American society and its members who were suffering from a post-war disturbed psychological state of mind. Aiken (1926) writes in his essay as edited by Meyers (1982) as follows: The half dozen characters, all of whom belong to the curious and sad little world of disillusioned and aimless expatriates who make what home they can in the cafes of Paris, are seen perfectly and unsentimentally by Mr. Hemingway and are put before us with a maximum of economy 1. (90) As we know wars have always been a cause of destruction, devastation and demolition on a great scale since the descent of mankind on earth. There is no doubt that wars shatter the matrix of human civilization and bring forth despair, death and disease for mankind. Surpassing all the previous wars, the great World-Wars dismantled the hopes, dreams and races on a large scale and nations falling victims of disillusionment, aimlessness and mental stress and physical disorders. One of the greatest diseases that damage the brain after a war is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a severe state of human mind after a shock or a trauma. Durand and Barlow (2000) comment on PTSD as follows: In recent years we have heard a great deal about the severe and long-lasting emotional disorders that can occur after a variety of traumatic events. Perhaps the most impressive traumatic event is war, but emotional disorders also occur after physical assault (particularly rape), car accidents, natural catastrophes, or the sudden death of a loved one. The emotional disorder that follows a trauma is known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2. (131) Then I. Sarason and Sarason (2006) in their book on Abnormal Psychology comment: PTSD involves an extreme experience, such as war, a natural catastrophe (for instance an earthquake), a physical assault, or a serious car crash. The traumas range from those that are directly experienced (e.g., being threatened with death) to those that are witnessed (e.g., family member being threatened with death). The onset of the clinical condition in posttraumatic disorders varies from soon after the trauma to long after it has occurred. Most studies have found higher rates among women than men. The prevalence of PTSD in the general population is about 0.5% in men and 1.2% in women (Andreasen and Black, 2001). Because life today is considered to be high in trauma for the population in general, it is estimated that Americans currently have a 5 to 10% chance of developing PTSD at sometime during their lifetimes. The combination of vulnerability factors and exposures earlier in life to traumatic experiences increases the likelihood of PTSD. For instance, having been abused as a ch ild or have had other previous traumatic experiences increases the risk for PTSD, especially for individuals who generally have emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression 3. (256) Now keeping in mind the American society which is the sole area of our research, we found the reason behind PTSD in American society and the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in his works. And that reason was the First World War and its aftermath. The lives of millions of people were badly influenced by World War I in America and in Europe as well. The great holocaust changed the whole concept of life by destroying the basic norms and traditional beliefs in all parts of the world. Priestley (1962) comments on World War I as follows: In the very middle of this age the First World War rises like a wall of blood-red mountains. Its frenzied butchery, indefensible even on a military basis, killed at least ten million Europeans, mostly young and free from obvious physical defects. After being dressed in uniform, fed and drilled, cheered and cried over before they were packed into their cattle-trunks, these ten million were then filled with hot lead, ripped apart by shell splinters, blown to bits, bayoneted in the belly, choked with poison gas, suffocated in mud, trampled to death or drowned, buried in collapsing dugouts, dropped out of burning aero planes, or allowed to die of diseases, after rotting to long in trenches that they shared with syphilitic rats and typhus-infested lice. Death, having come into his empire, demands the best, and got it 4. (321) Almost all the works of Ernest Hemingway are a result of his first-hand experience of war and his staunch observation of life around him. Most of his works prove to be autobiographical in nature and Cooperman (1964) comments on autobiographical nature of Hemingways works as follows: Three elements in Hemingways life shaped many of his attitudes, and indeed shaped much of his works: the fact that in World War I, he suffered a painful and terrible mortar wound, which made him conscious of the dread possibilities of the loss of manhood; the fact that his father committed suicide; and the fact of his growing old and the fears created by old age itself. Similar to Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway was afflicted with the fear of letting go and the fear of thinking. The nightmare of chaos, of passivity, loss of will, loss of initiative, loss of masculine role was a terrible nightmare, and one to be avoided at all costs 5. (85-92) It has already been observed that all the Hemingway fiction comes from his war experiences and the aftermath of the war. Many critics have commented on this experience-based technique of Ernest Hemingway. According to Putnam (2006), Tobias Wolff at the Hemingway centennial celebration said, Hemingways great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward. Putnam (2006) further comments: No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works 6. Ernest Hemingway is best known as the representative of the Lost Generation of America. He as an artist and writer of literature selected characters from the post-war American society as he was himself a member of that society and he observed it staunchly. Most of his works are based on his personal experience of the society and that is why he is often himself present in his novels as a leading character. Asselineau (1980) comments on Hemingways fiction as follows: It was indeed a lost generation in more senses than one. Yet, Hemingway among others survived the Great War for over forty years and, after appearing as the cynical and disillusioned Byron of twentieth century, ultimately turned into a new teacher of athletes and a professeur d energie a la Barres. A rather surprising change and a very spectacular recovery, which we can follow step by step in his works, since his novels make up an interminable Bildungsroman whose hero is always himself 7. While going through the works of Ernest Hemingway one realizes that Hemingway has very skillfully managed to present before us a group of expatriates who had left their homeland America after getting disillusioned by the war and were living as useless people in different parts of Europe under a special code of life. Asselineau (1980) comments as follows: All the veterans of foreign wars who appeared in Hemingways fiction are united by a common belief in an unwritten code. They are morally and physically very tough. They can take it. They keep a stiff upper lip. They grin and bear it. They refuse to discuss their own emotion and despise loquacious swaggerers like Robert Cohn. They hate gushing. They believe in self control and self imposed discipline. They have reached true wisdom in the etymological meaning of the word wisdom. They are those who know- who know that they are mortal and that sooner or later life ends in death. They know that man- whatever he does- will sooner or later be crushed by the hostile forces which surround him and is bound to be defeated- defeated, but not vanquished, for, like Pascal, they believe in the dignity of man, a mere reed, and the weakest that can be found on earth, but even when the universe crushes him, man is still nobler than what kills him, for he knows that he is dying, while the advantage tha t the universe has over him, the universe is unaware of it. 8 (1844) High (1986) has also commented on the lost generation as follows: Man young people the post-World War 1 period had lost their American ideals. At the same time America lost many fine young writers- like e.e. cummings and Hemingway- because they had moved to Paris. Fitz Geralds first novel, This Side of Paradise (1920), describes this new generation. They had grown up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. Two concerns now filled their lives: the fear of poverty and the worship of success. 9 (143) Hemingways The Sun Also Rises proves to be the best of his works and it was also his first proper novel on lost generation of America. The novel stands as a monument over which the whole drama of the lost generation of America has been carved. It was Gertrude Stein the American authoress and Hemingways mentor who for the very first time told E. Hemingway: You are all a lost generation. Hemingway was struck by the comment and used it as an epigraph and also the theme of his first novel, Fiesta (called The Sun Also Rises in US. Ousby (1979) in his essay The Lost Generation comments as follows: Today the lost Generation has come to seem an over-worked catchphrase. Used indiscriminately in its own era, the title has been claimed by successive generations of writers and applied retrospectively to earlier schools, such as the American naturalists. Yet the term remains useful in discussing the novelists of 1920s, if only because epitomizes the way they liked to see themselves. 10 (205) Ousby (1979) further explains the characteristics of the writers of lost generation in following words: Their unique and common experience was a disillusion bred by the First World War. They returned from that conflict to a society whose values seemed hollow and artificial by comparison with the harsh realities of the battle-field. Their alienation from America often took the form of exile and expatriation: Hemingway and Dos Passos spent most of their early adult lives in Europe, while Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe were frequent visitors. It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that Paris became the extra-parliamentary centre of American culture in 1920s. It was the shrine to which most ambitious young writers of the era made their pilgrimage. 11 (206) Ousby (1979) in the same essay tells us the factors which affected the writings of the writers of lost generation in the following words: Disillusioned with society in general and America in particular, the novelists of the Lost Generation cultivated a romantic self-absorption- a deliberate retreat into private emotion. They became precocious experts in tragedy, suffering and anguish. The early novels of Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald are peopled by sad, bitter young men who have lost all illusions at an early age; Amory Blaine of This Side of Paradise and Jake Barnes of Fiesta are the prime examples. They are haunted by war memories and by images of violence, cynical about idealism in any form, and given to only the most cryptic and laconic expressions of feeling. 12 (206) Ousby (1979) also comments on the characters introduced to us by the writers of lost generation as follows: The characters of Lost Generation novels live in restless pursuit of excitement and pleasure. Their Europe is not the gallery of cultural objects found in Hawthornes and Jamess fiction: it is a Europe of elegant restaurants, picturesque bars and intriguing local customs. They delight in kicking over the conventional traces (and in the resultant cries of middle- class horror), indulging in heavy drinking and casual sex. 13 (207) It was only Ernest Hemingway, who among the most famous writers of lost generation of America has been able to won the title of the avant-garde writer of the lost generation. His novel The Sun Also Rises was recommended all over the world as a true story featuring real people from the lost generation. This novel also made Hemingway a world-known celebrity. Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments: This book made him, almost instantly, an international celebrity identified with an entire generation, torn by war and grieving throughout the Roaring Twenties for their lost romantic idealism. Although he was somewhat ill-suited for the role, because he was a hard-working young writer with a wife and a son to support, he came to be regarded as the spokesman for American expatriates, those disillusioned and disaffected artists, writers, and intellectuals who spent the decade on the Left Bank in Paris. 14 (87) In his novel The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses Jake as a puppet, a narrator and also his famous code hero. Jake narrates the whole story which Hemingways eye saw sincerely. Nagel (1996) again in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on the character of Jake Barnes as follows: He is certainly one of the most isolated and vulnerable figures in American literature, and he narrates out of his disillusionment and pain, his grief evident throughout. As he says about himself, all he wants is to figure out how he can live in the world. It would seem that telling what happened is part of the process of learning how to live in the special circumstances of his world. 15 (90) Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on Jake being a representative of lost generation in following words: Hemingway humanized this dichotomy in the character of Jake Barnes by creating a man who bears the wounds of the war in a profoundly personal way yet combines his disillusionment with traditional American values of hard work and just compensation. It is surely an oversimplification to see Jake as an uncompromised representative of lost generation radicalism, for he exhibits much of the midwestern values he sometimes satirizes Above all, it is his judgment that provides the normative sensibility for assessing the people and events of the novel. But to grasp the meaning of what he relates, it is essential to understand the psychological context in which he tells it. 16 (91) Lady Ashley Brett is another important character from the lost generation. She is pure nymphomaniac sort of a woman and is a true representative of the women of the early 20th century. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. Nagel (1996) further says: Brett is not only a women but an extraordinary woman for the age, a point not clear unless she is considered in historical context. Form this perspective, the women in The Sun Also Rises might be regarded as more interesting then the men. The role of women in society had been changing with each decade for a century, always with a good deal of social conflict and ideological struggle. 17 (92) Keeping in mind the agony of Jake due to his relation with Brett, we may easily nominate him as the most suffering person in the novel. His love with Brett makes him feel the pain of his wound which he got during the war, because he could not physically fulfill what he felt. According to Nagel (1996): From the beginning, the world is out of sexual order, the social evening is a parody of erotic potential, and the deeper irony is that this pathology is at the very heart of Jake and Bretts relationship. Their conversation in the taxi reveals the central problem of the novel: that they one another, that they feel that there is nothing they can do about it, that it is painful and destructive for them to be together. Whatever else happens is driven by this fact, and it is impossible for them to change it. The central dilemma for Jake is whether he can change the situation by finding some satisfaction in life. The problem for Brett is that she needs companionship of a man, and no one but Jake can offer her much beyond fleeting sexual pleasure. 18 (94) Jake truly deserves pity because he is the one who lost the most he had during war and even afterwards. His love with Brett gives him nothing except pain and he is also unable to sleep at night due to the agony brought by his love for Brett. Nagel (1996) comments: The loss in the lost generation is sustained primarily by him, and it makes for powerful fiction. The novel works, ultimately, because Jake, in anomalous circumstances, nevertheless presents a normative sensibility in the story he tells. He emerges as a man of intelligence, humor and good sense who lost more than he deserved in World War 1 but learned how to make a life for himself. 19 (105) According to Martin (1987): Jake Barnes and his friends- all of them- are a group because they share the same beliefs and experiences. Except for Robert Cohn, whose differences are less heinous than Jake sometimes thinks them to be, the displaced Americans and Britons are moving through a festival period in their lives, punctuating their aimless existence abroad with an organized visit to Spain for the bullfights. 20 (07) The characters introduced to us by Hemingway live under a peculiar but yet an extraordinary code of life. They behave like a community of people sharing similar set of thoughts and beliefs. Martin (1987) in her New Essays on The Sun Also Rises says: A key theme is the notion of community: These are people who understand each other, the rules they live by, and the reasons for their choices. Only someone outside that community will have difficulty with the social code. Count Mippipopolous may be a stranger to the group, but he understands the code and fits into the society. Robert Cohn, although he spends much time with the members of the group and thinks himself a special friend of both Jake and Brett, never manages to assimilate the rules. Jake, however, is clearly in charge- of the plans, the guest list, the activities, and the emotional nuance. He is the apparent hero of the novel, and his approval or disapproval sets the pattern for the other characters reaction to things. 20 (08) All the characters in the novel The Sun Also Rises seem dissatisfied and unhappy and most of the time they feel themselves useless. Martin (1987) comments on this condition of the characters in following words: There are many reasons for these characters unhappiness. To dwell on irony and pity is just a pastime; the real issues are the lack of alignment between profession and occupation, between lovers, between vacation and work, between ideals of Spain and France, between nature and the commercial. As full of disjunctures as a picture puzzle, The Sun Also Rises still presents a story whole, its fragments necessarily scattered throughout the narrative, and readers accept the fragmentation as one the marks of Hemingways truth. They seize on the purity of Pedro Romero, the wit of the bemused Mike Campbell, the taciturn acceptances of Jake Barnes, the flip bravado of Brett Ashley as the symbols of the characters who survive the onslaught of real life. 21 (16) Chapter 2 Life and Works of Ernest Hemingway 2.1 Birth and Parentage: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on July 21st, 1899. His father was a doctor. He spent much of his time in his early days roaming about in the woods, rifle on his shoulders, or rowing out across the water of a large lake in quest of big fish. Although his family owned a cottage on a lake, he usually slept outside in a tent, the dim light of a kerosene lantern flickering long hours into the night over his temporary cot as he laid reading. 2.1.1 His Schooling: In June 1917, Hemingway graduated from Oak Park High School toward the bottom of his class. Meanwhile, war had broken out in Europe and, preferring fighting to college, he tried to get enlisted in the army but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Frustrated, he went away to live with an uncle in Kansas City where he found a job as a reporter in a newspaper. He liked his writing job, but he still had a compelling urge to get into the war, and the opportunity came soon afterwards. On learning that Italy was recruiting ambulance drivers to serve on the Italian front; he gave up his job and became an ambulance driver in Italy. 2.1.2 Injuries of War: Hemingway had been driving behind the lines for only a few days when he found that his work was too safe, in fact, dull. He wanted to serve on the frontlines in the thick of things. So he volunteered for canteen service and was soon riding a bicycle, handing out mail, tobacco, and chocolates to soldiers in the trenches. On his tenth day in Italy as he was handing a chocolate bar to a soldier, a large mortar shell fell near by. Hemingway was almost buried. His body was filled below the waist with over 250 pieces of shrapnel, but after regaining consciousness, he rescued a badly wounded Italian soldier and was turning to help others when he was hit again, with a machine-gun bullet, below the left knee. 2.1.3 Falls in Love with a Nurse: He spent several weeks in a Red Cross hospital and there he fell in love with an English Nurse Agnes. While in Europe, he received several medals for bravery, and then was sent home, limping on a cane. The Hemingway who went back to America was different person from the young man who had left. War, death, suffering, new people, a new language and love had all been crowded into a short period of time. 2.1.4 Disappointment in Love: While his feet and legs healed, he read a lot and impatiently watched the mail until, one day after receiving a letter, he suddenly became ill. He retired into seclusion and for days hardly left his room. Finally, on being repeatedly asked by his family, he revealed that the letter has came form Agnes informing him that she was not coming to America and that she had married an Italian army major. 2.1.5 Failure and Fame: Sad and disappointed, Hemingway went to Paris for study and to make a living by writing. There, he met and became friendly with some of the worlds greatest literary figures of that day- James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and others. But despite their advice and help, he could not sell his literary attempts. Manuscript after manuscript kept coming back from editors, usually without a single word of encouragement, and with only a printed rejection slip. One day, he was sitting at a side walk caf on the Left Bank in Paris and complaining to a friend about his ill luck. The friend observed that perhaps the reason why Hemingways writings did not sell was that he had not suffered enough and that he did not know misery. Hemingway bitterly replied, So I have not known misery! So thats what you think! Then at first seemingly lost in memory, he narrated the story of his lost love, Agnes, the English nurse. He told his friend about the suffering he had endured in World War 1. Later, he pu t the story on paper in the form of a novel, A Farewell to Arms. The book proved to be immensely popular and Hemingway found himself famous. We could probably say that an unhappy love affair and his unhappy experiences in war were the motivating factor which made him being a great author. 2.1.6 Reporting in Spain: He went on writing and was now a successful and established writer. He traveled extensively, hunting in Africa and the Far East, fishing in numerous oceans and seas. He felt greatly attracted by bull-fighting in Spain and spent several years in that country. He covered the Spanish Civil War for American newspapers and could not resist getting into the fight in Madrid. By then, he was known as Papa, a bearded huge figure of a man who joked and swore with the best of the soldiers. 2.1.7 World War II: When World War II began, Hemingway, then living in Cuba, armed his own boat as a submarine chaser and patrolled the Atlantic Coast off the United States. But in 1942, he was in the thick of battle again as a magazine correspondent. He flew from England on bombing missions and became an expert on German rockets. Near the end of the war, he was among the first wave of troops to storm the Normandy beach in 1944. After the war, he retired to Cuba to fish and write. One book proved a failure, and his critics remarked that Papas carrier was over. 2.1.8 The Nobel Prize: Then, in 1952, after years of work, he brought out The Old Man and the Sea, a tale of the struggle of a single, old fisherman against the powers of fate and the ocean. It was the story he had been trying to write all his life, and it brought him the Pulitzer Prize for 1953. In the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Suffering from injuries in plane crashes while hunting wild game in Africa, Hemingway could not go to Sweden to receive the Nobel Prize but in a letter to the Academy he declared that the writers life was a lonely one, and that if he shed his loneliness, his work would deteriorate. Still living in Cuba, Hemingway continued writing short stories, novels, and magazine articles. But he also began to take life easier, spending more time on his fishing boat with his wife, whom he called Miss Mary. No one can work everyday in these hot months without going stale, he wrote during this period. To break up the pattern of work, we fish the Gulf Stream in t he spring and summer months and in the fall. 2.1.9 A Life of Adventure: Hemingways sixty-two years were packed with excitement. Living through adventure after adventure, he told stories of his life and love on jungles, the two World Wars in which he played a part in Europe, and a giant 1000-pound fish he battled off the Coast of Cuba. But his writing was more than just adventure stories; he helped to set the style for the modern novel. His lean, muscular prose and dramatic plots have, perhaps, been copied more than any other modern authors and his work has been translated into all the worlds major languages. 2.1.10 Ill Health and Suicide: But Hemingway was growing old. His hair and beard had turned white. His old wounds were bothering him. He had to keep standing while writing, and he was frequently unwell. Then Castro took over in Cuba, and Hemingway and Miss Mary returned to America, living in Idaho. He spent a few months in hospitals, began losing weight, and saw his creative ability declining. Early one morning on July 1961, he slipped on the stairs in his home and, not wishing to prolong his suffering, killed himself with a gun. Perhaps he had concluded, like the old fisherman in his novel, that he had no luck anymore. 2.2 His Works: Influenced by Ezra Pound and particularly by Gertrude Stein whose style strongly affected him, Hemingway published Three Stories and Ten Poems in 1923 and In Our Time (a collection of short stories) in 1925. These early stories exhibited the attitude of mind and technique for which Hemingway later became famous. As the leading spokesman for the lost generation, he expressed the feelings of war-wounded people disillusioned by the loss of faith and hope, and so thoroughly defeated by the collapse of former values that they could turn only to a stoic acceptance of primal emotions. The stories are mainly concerned with tough people, both intelligent men and women who have dropped into an exhausted cynicism or such primitives as frontiers-men, Indians, and professional athletes whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. Emotion is neglected while bare happenings are recorded, and emphasis is obtained by sarcasm and spare dialogue . 2.2.1 The Torrents of Spring (1926): It is hardly ever read nowadays. At the time, however, it attracted considerable attention. It is a satirical book in which Hemingway mocks at Sherwood Anderson, Henry James, H.L. Mencken, Gertrude Stein and D.H. Lawrence. The book earned him some enemies. Anderson was hurt and puzzled to find his supposed pupil turning on him: he probably had not realized that Hemingway had never been an uncritical hero-worshipper. Gertrude Stein attacked him in her autobiography declaring that Hemingway was jealous because she and Anderson had taught him all the new about writing, about bullfighting and boxing. To this charge Hemingway subsequently replied in his novel The Green Hills of Africa in which he declared that it was a pity to see Gertrude Steins talent having been devoted to malice, nonsense, and self praise. 2.2.2 Hemingways First Great Novel: Hemingway adopted the style and attitude of his short stories into his first great novel, The Sun Also Rises 1926. This book tells about the moral collapse of a group of expatriated Americans and Englishmen broken by the war, who turned toward escape through all possible violent diversions. 2.2.3 Papas Second Great Novel: Success in fictional craftsmanship and in portraying the mind of an era was again achieved in A Farewell to Arms 1927, the tragic love story of an English nurse and an American ambulance driver during the war. 2.2.4 Some Short Stories by Hemingway: After publishing further distinguished collections of short stories, Men without Women and Winner Take Nothing, he wrote two books Death In The Afternoon 1932, a book on bullfighting, and Green Hills of Africa 1935, an account of his hunting experiences in Africa. With digressions only literary matters these books show a further cultivation of the primitive and brutal levels, contrasted with the hollow culture that had cheated Hemingways generation. 2.2.3 Hemingway on Social Issues: In To Have and Have Not 1937, Hemingway for the first time showed his interest in a possible solution of social problems through collective action. He continued this attitude in newspaper articles from Spain about the Civil War there. Then he wrote The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 1938, in which appeared two of his finest stories: The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. 2.2.4 The Longest Novel: For Whom the Bell Tolls 1944 is the longest novel by Hemingway and is based on an incident in the Spanish Civil War, has universality in its theme that the loss of liberty is loss of everything. 2.2.5 Award Wining Novel: The Old Man and The Sea written in 1952 was the last and perhaps the finest novel ever written by Ernest Hemingway. Its an allegorical novel in which man fights against nature for his luck and survival. The theme of the novel is no doubt the aim of Hemingways own life that a man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated. Chapter 3 The Lost Generation The Sun Also Rises was aimed by Hemingway at his own generation. He says so in its two epigraphs, one is from Ecclesiastes: One generation passes away and another generation comes; but the earth abides forever. The other is Gertrude Steins re-echoed judgment: You are all a lost generation. In the novel The Sun Also Rises are exhibited all the European pleasures which Hemingway and Fitzgerald were presenting. Going to bars, spending night in drinking alcohol and having fervent sexual activities was the greatest part of the lives of the generation called the lost generation by Gertrude Stein. Hemingway brings before us a group of unhappy US expatriates living in different parts of Europe. As no one in the novel The Sun Also Rises seems happy except Pedro Romero, the handsome young bullfighter and Lady Brett Ashley who adds him to her sex circle. Jake Barnes the narrator of the The Sun Also Rises is a real suffering man and the code hero of the story is emasculated by a war wound. We can say that all the characters taken as the representatives of the lost generation are desperate people. They all hide their desperation behind drinking and talking and being rude to those who do not know the code (the code of life). Throughout the novel The Sun Also Rises we see a number of young people making the rounds of the bars in Paris and resorts in Spain, talking, drinking, fishing, attending bullfights and making love. According to Gorman (1926): Through this group and through a shift of scene from the Left Bank in Paris to Pamplona in Spain during fiesta- time, Hemingway manages to achieve a vitriolic albeit manifestly impartial portrait of what might be called the over-nerved and over-sophisticated colony of expatriates in Europe. 1 The lost generation also refers to the time period from the end of the World War1 to the beginning of the Great Depression. Moreover, the term is often used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after the World War1. It has been already mentioned that it was Gertrude Stein who for the very first time who named the generation that came of age during the World War 1 as the lost generation. This phrase spread quickly throughout the whole world as a trade mark of the generation of the early 20th century in America. The world adopted it as an accurate description of the age as most of them spent their adulthood in working, fighting and dying in war. They did not really get time for enjoying and making spree, as war attacked them suddenly and badly. The horrible conflict took them so suddenly they did not even realize that it has taken away their each and everything. The Great War set new standards for death and immortality in war. The war shattered all the beliefs in traditional values of love, faith and manhood. It happened directly after the war that all the illusion got vanished from the minds of the Americans. They came to realize that death is the worst in all mysteries and the greatest of all the secrets of the world, when it reveals itself. And death is the truest and the most bitter of all the truths of the life. Young men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers like Ernest Hemingway deliberately offered themselves for the country because of the illusion of bravery they had over their minds. They thought they were strong and were the men of war. But all their illusions washed away when most of them, in fact a large number of them killed by the first bullet which pierced their chests. It was the time when the sense of pain, anguish and prevailing death struck the fragile sheet of illusion and shattered it into innumerable fragments. It was the point where they realized that they were immortal and death is for everyone. This was the stage where weapons took lead over manhood and the power of the muscles on which the American men felt proud but nothing proved worth in war. The powerful men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers were all on the mercy of a single bullet. Most of them got killed and others got physically and psychologically hurt. With the loss of man power and different body organs they were no-men and thats why they have been represented by the character of an impotent Jake. Even after the war the war veterans were scared and psychologically suffering as the war memories haunted their minds constantly. And due to the sense of physically weak and being handicaps they lost their remaining interests in life which lead them to become a lost generation. Hemingway (1979) comments in Men at War as follows: When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you. It can happen to other people; but not to you. Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you. After being severely wounded two weeks before my nineteenth birthday I had a bad time until I figured it out that nothing could happen to me that had not happened to all men before me. 2 Drinking, dancing, having sex and sleepless nights became the most important sectors of the lives of men and women of the post-war American society. They refused to follow; in fact they rebelled against the traditional concepts of social code of American life. They adapted a new code, a self-made code, n new way of living where there was no space for spiritual and religious values, no charm for married life, no respect for tradition and customs and no regard for any old pattern of life. They became morally and mentally sick. Most of the time they remained drunk and used to have fervent sex. Hemingway by writing his novel The Sun Also Rises brings before the readers the new changes that took place in the post-war new American generation which Gertrude Stein named the lost generation. First of all Hemingway with the help of his puppets Jake and Brett describes the impact of war on sex. Jake has been shown impotent by Hemingway for two reasons. First of all his impotency is the symmbol of the impotency of the men who took part in the war. The world man means more than a male figure to Hemingway. A man is a symbol of power, dignity and sexual energy. To Hemingway a man means soldiers, a fighter and a worshipper of true norms and values of life. Hemingways man is not made for defeat. But Jake is a true loser, he lost is manhood, he lost his illusions, in fact he lost everything in war and even afterwards he loses his beloved Brett. Next, Jake stands as a symbol of destructiveness of sex by war. Hemingway taunts and teaches his lost generation who has become a victim of illeg al sexual relations and is destroying the other sectors of its social life by being involved in frequent sex. Both men and women violated sex. The reason behind such frequent sex lies in the mass killing of male members of the American society during World War 1. A huge number of American women became widows as their husbands got killed or in other words sacrificed their lives for their country during war. Brett is a true example of such women as she also lost her husband in war. Brett consequently turned nymphomaniac due to starving sexual emotions and similar was the case with most of the post-war American women who due to the feelings of being insecure and man-less turned bitches like Brett does in the novel The Sun Also Rises. The sexual thirst also lead the male characters like Cohn to violate his code of ethics and he attacks Jake, Mike and Romero as well. It has also been seen that Bretts desire for sex prevents her from entering into a proper relation with Jake, although she loves him. Hence we can conclude that it is sex that undermines Cohns respect and Brett-Jake relation. Gorman (1926) comments: The structure of the book is easily outlined. It is concerned with the effect of Lady Ashley on four men: Jake Barnes, who tells the story; Robert Cohn, a young Jew; Michael Campbell, engaged to Lady Ashley, and Romero, a young bullfighter. 3 Lady Brett is the factor that is resulting in the negative consequences of sex and is also resulting in the destruction of relations and the code of life. Brett is representing the liberated women of post-war American society who did not hesitate to have sexual relations with multiple men. Brett by having multiplex sexual relations with different men bred envy and jealousy among them which always results in disaster. By portraying the character of Brett in such fashion Hemingway shows his hatred for the nymphomaniac women of his age and he is also teaching a lesson to the male members of the society by taunting the cruel and vicious women. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. 4 The war in a true sense revealed upon the American men that what it meant to be masculine. The pre-war idea of being brave and fighting as a soldier was totally crushed by the brutal war. Survival depended just upon ones luck rather than bravery. The traditional concepts of what I meant to be a man were completely undermined by the realities of war. Jake in the novel represents the new man of post-war America. In fact he is a man apparently, but inwardly war has rendered him impotent which in other words means unmanly. He carries the burden of being impotent and feels he is less of a man than he was before war. Through this masculine insecurity of Jake, Hemingway puts before us the insecurity felt by the war veterans who felt insecure in their manhood. Hemingway doest not state this fact directly but shows it in Cohns pursuit of Brett. This behavior of Cohn is regarded unmanly by Hemingway as Brett is not a real woman but a nymphomaniac. Similarly Hemingway presents Brett a woman, wh o is manlier as compared to other male characters. She is a very liberal minded and a physically strong woman. She has a boyish haircut and she is sexually independent and does sex with any male of her choice. However, on the other hand the male characters are running after her as her pets. Another characteristic behavior of the lost generation of Hemingway shown in The Sun Also Rises is that they were anti-Semitists. Anti-Semitism is a behavior or belief hostile towards Jews. In the novel we see most of the time Robert Cohn is seen with extreme hatred by the other characters. Jake is apparently is his friend but hates him inwardly and even while narrating the story and introducing Cohn he seems unhappy and unimpressed although he knows that Cohn was a superb boxer. There are two reasons behind hating Jews on part of Americans and British people at that time. First they were Jews by religion and in Christian religious teachings it is taught to the Christian to hate the Jews. Through a Christians point of view Jews are inferior and should be abominated. Secondly, Jews were being hated due to their German background. Everyone knows that it was Germany who launched war by attacking several parts of the world specially America and England. So thats why Cohn was the center o f hatred of Americans and Britons. W.H. Auden states a similar kind of theme in his poem Say This City has Ten Million Souls. The sense of the poem is the estrangement of the immigrants which were Jews of German origin which they faced in a new country (America). The poet laments at the inhuman treatment which the immigrants met at the hands of the local people. The refugees did not enjoy any sense of respect and honor even in a country like America. The poet refers to the case of Jews who migrated to America during the war but they were not treated well by the local population. They were refused to have new passports to go back to their country. They were not given any place of shelter to live. Auden satirizes by saying that Americans have a spared place for their pets but not for us (Jews). Hemingway though he never explicitly states that Jake and his fellow men and women were a lost generation and were living an aimless life and that their aimlessness was a result of war. He implies these ideas through his portrayal of the characters emotional and psychological lives. They were no longer able to believe and rely upon the traditional American beliefs which gave meaning to life. Those men and women who experienced the war became psychologically and morally lost and like the characters of The Sun Also Rises they wandered here and there in search of happiness and rest. Their activities were drinking, traveling, and debauchery which show their aimlessness and disillusionment. They wanted to escape from their meaningless lives. But they were nevertheless helpless and unable to escape their misery as war had rendered them handicaps and impotent. In short the post-war American society served as a blinker for Ernest Hemingway through which he focused on the suffering lost generation of America. Hemingway, as he was a part of the society and a member of the lost generation, had a lot of pity for his fellow men who suffered at hands of war. He by writing an account of brutalities and impacts of war on his people exhibited the effect of war on the society and the new norms and values set after the World War 1. Hemingway realized from his own war wounds the pain felt by his fellow men. He learnt from his own restlessness and aimlessness that his generation was suffering a great deal. He shows his sincerity with his generation and his love for his traditional values of life by taunting and criticizing the follies and faults of his society. He is no less than a saint for his people because he taught them the negative consequences of war and the illusion they had on their minds. He taught them the lesson that all human beings are imm ortal and war is not the solution of everything. To conclude we may say that his preaching is based on hatred for war and love for humanity and values and norms of life. Chapter 4 Post Traumatic Stress In this chapter we will have an insight into the main cause of the disillusionment of the post-war American society. This chapter will mainly deal with the impact and effect of World War 1 on the psychology of the American people and also the psychology of Ernest Hemingway. It has already been observed that Ernest Hemingways main concern was the post-war American society and the psychological state of the suffering minds of the people. Hemingway presents before us a generation of people who were completely lost and disillusioned by the aftermath of the World War 1 and hence this generation got named the lost generation. The marked features of this generation were aimlessness, restlessness, wandering place to place in search of pleasure and going to bars for drinking and sex. Now the reason behind such activities of human beings lies in the psychological study of mind and human behavior in daily life. The first thing to keep in mind is the effects of war on human mind. The war serves as a trauma for human mind causing anxiety, fear, restlessness and lack of sleep (insomnia) to those who somehow become a part of war. The war incidents and after-war memories of those incidents cause a lot of stress over human mind making it impossible for the person victimized by the war. The similar thing happened to the Americas lost generation, because they participated in the World War 1 as soldiers, drivers and nurses. The horrific conflict made them suffer a lot during and after the war. Most of them got killed by the brutal war while others got sever injuries. But those who survived the war were no less than psycho patients. Most of the remaining members of the post-war American society felt victims to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a mental disease caused by the Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. PTSD is a sever kind of state of mind in which the patient suffers due to a trauma or a shock which he had in his previous life. Trauma or shock can be delivered by an accident, fight with someone, war, rape, etc. The patient suffering with PTSD shows the symptoms of insomnia (lack of sleep), excessive intake of sleeping pills, drinking alcohol, lack of confidence, etc. Now coming back to the post-war American society and keeping an eye over the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in The Sun Also Rises we see a lot of war victims, after being crushed by the war felt victims to PTSD. First of all we see the most sufferin g character in all characters that is Jake Barnes. He served his country in World War 1 and got injury in his genitals which emasculated him. Jake despite being an active and a responsible person of the society shows the symptoms of PTSD in him. He could not sleep at night and is most of the time haunted by the war memories. We see him in a very agonizing state of mind due to two main reasons. First of all he lost all he had in war as war rendered him impotent. The consequences of this impotency badly effected his love relation with Brett because he was unable to consummate his love. Although love is self-destructive force but Jakes agony is the worst because he feels sexual urge for Brett but could not fulfill it due to having no erection. All these factors make Jake a real suffering PTSD patient. Then we have Robert Cohn as a victim of PTSD. He despite having a reputation as an athlete and a boxer was suffering from lack of confidence. He is totally out casted by the society just because he is a Jew. We see him feeling himself inferior to other characters. Due to this he starts running after such women who show a little courtesy towards him. Cohn though is not much affected by war but still shows some traits of characters which put him in list of PTSD victims. Then is the character of the war-nurse Lady Ashley Brett. She is also a victim of war-trauma because she lost her husband in war. The effects of PTSD are also very harsh on her and she turns nymphomaniac. Having the feelings of loneliness and man-less she creates the character of 20th century liberated woman. She represents the new women of 20th century who were sexually independent. Brett had multiplex sex relations and she could have sex with any man of her choice. Now watching these characters from Hemingways point of view we find that all of these characters are type characters and are depiction of psychological state of mind of the PTSD suffering lost generation. Each character, whether Jake, Cohn or Brett, represents a particular group of people who suffered the trauma of war. And it is Hemingways staunch observation and his involvement in his society and the analysis of the psychological behavior of his members of society that he presents them truly before us. Hemingways works are an exhibition of his confessions and his exposure to his society. It often happens that we find him within the story walking along his characters. As a soldier in World War 1 he himself got injured and recollected the war-memories afterwards. It will not be false to say that Hemingway himself was a victim of PTSD and war memories and fears haunted him as well. His own illusions got shattered due to the brutal effects of war and war injuries and that is why he created an impotent Jake as a hero of his novel. Jake is actually Hemingway himself, whose philosophy and mentality is entirely based upon Nada that means nothing. For Hemingway man is born into a real world that is natural and has a physical shape but this world is totally indifferent towards mankind. He believes that all the forces in the universe are trying to crush man but the man is always undefeated. Hemingway believes that this is a world without purpose, order, meaning or value and there is no God li ke thing at all. Darkness to Hemingway is equal to death and this is the reason why Hemingway and his heroes are sleepless at night due to the fear of death. Light is a symbol of hope for Hemingway and his heroes and thats why they are always in search of a luminous place. Mankind according to Hemingways point of view is victim of irrational accidents like wars, death, loss and destruction of universe. To Hemingway man is born with many illusions and his belief upon God is his greatest illusion because this is a Godless universe. For Hemingway, all traditional, religious and philosophical explanations of the universe are false illusions which turn to disillusion when man is victimized by an irrational disaster or a calamity and then man finds peace and rest in activities which give him immediate pleasure (good food, drink, sex, etc). To Hemingway this universe is a place where only the fittest and the toughest can survive as the disastrous powers of universe are all the time trying to crush civilization and mankind. Hemingways aim of life and his philosophys main theme is that a man can be destroyed but can not be defeated. Similar is his point of view about the human civilization which is fighting against the powers of universe. He says that universe is always destroying the generations after generations of mankind but a man should always remain optimistic in his approach towards life. If one generation goes, then another generation comes and the earth abides forever. This is the lesson for the readers from Hemingway that despite all the calamities and the despair, one should be optimistic in his approach towards life and one should always be hopeful.